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Sunday, October 18, 2020

कुंजिकास्तोत्रं ( कुंजिका स्त्रोत )







शृणु देवि प्रवक्ष्यामि कुंजिकास्तोत्रमुत्तमम्।

येन मन्त्रप्रभावेण चण्डीजापः शुभो भवेत् ।।१।।

न कवचं नार्गलास्तोत्रं कीलकं न रहस्यकम्।
न सूक्तं नापि ध्यानं च न न्यासो न च वार्चनम् ।।२।।

कुञ्जिकापाठमात्रेण दुर्गापाठफलं लभेत्।
अति गुह्यतरं देवि देवानामपि दुर्लभम् ।।३।।

गोपनीयं प्रयत्नेन स्वयोनिरिव पार्वति।
मारणं मोहनं वश्यं स्तंभोच्चाटनादिकम।
पाठमात्रेण संसिध्येत् कुंजिकास्तोत्रमुत्तमम् ।।४।।

अथ मंत्रः ,

ॐ ऐं ह्रीं क्लीं चामुण्डायै विच्चे। ॐ ग्लौं हुं क्लीं जूं सः
ज्वालय ज्वालय ज्वल ज्वल प्रज्वल प्रज्वल
ऐं ह्रीं क्लीं चामुण्डायै विच्चे ज्वल हं सं लं क्षं फट् स्वाहा ।।

 
इति मंत्रः ।

नमस्ते रुद्ररूपिण्यै नमस्ते मधुमर्दिनि।
नमः कैटभहारिण्यै नमस्ते महिषार्दिनि ।।१।।

नमस्ते शुम्भहन्त्र्यै च निशुम्भासुरघातिनि ।
जाग्रतं हि महादेवि जपं सिद्धं कुरुष्व मे।।२।।

ऐंकारी सृष्टिरुपायै ह्रींकारी प्रतिपालिका ।
क्लींकारी कामरूपिण्यै बीजरूपे नमोस्तु ते।।३।।

चामुण्डा चण्डघाती च यैकारी वरदायिनी ।
विच्चे चाभयदा नित्यं नमस्ते मन्त्ररूपिणि ।।४।।

धां धीं धूं धूर्जटेः पत्नी वां वीं वूं वागधीश्वरी।
क्रां क्रीं क्रूं कालिका देवि शां शीं शूं मे शुभं कुरु ।।५।।

हुं हुं हुंकाररूपिण्यै जं जं जं जम्भनादिनी।
भ्रां भ्रीं भ्रूं भैरवी भद्रे भवान्यै ते नमो नमः ।।६।।

अं कं चं टं तं पं यं शं वीं दुं ऐं वीं हं क्षं
धिजाग्रं धिजाग्रं त्रोटय त्रोटय दीप्तं कुरु कुरु स्वाहा।।७।।

पां पीं पूं पार्वती पूर्णा खां खीं खूं खेचरी तथा ।
सां सीं सूं सप्तशती देव्या मंत्रसिद्धिं कुरुष्व मे।।८।।

इदं तु कुंजिकास्तोत्रं मंत्रजागर्तिहेतवे।
अभक्ते नैव दातव्यं गोपितं रक्ष पार्वति ।।

यस्तु कुंजिकया देवि हीनां सप्तशतीं पठेत्।
न तस्य जायते सिद्धिररण्ये रोदनं यथा ।।


।। ॐ तत्सत्।।

 

 नवरात्रि मे कुंजिका स्त्रोत का जाप अत्यंत ही सिद्धिदायक माना गया है ,मात्र कुंजिका स्त्रोत के जाप से ही दुर्गा पाठ का फल प्राप्त हो जाता है। जो लोग नवरात्री में सम्पूर्ण दुर्गा सप्तसती का पाठ नहीं कर पाते हैं वो सिर्फ कुंजिका स्त्रोत का जप कर सकते हैं इसमें न कोई विधि न कोई नियम है सिर्फ भक्ति भाव पूर्वक पाठ करे इसका प्रभाव अनुभव होगा। 

नवरात्री के आलावा किसी भी शुभ समय में संकल्प लेकर कुंजिका स्त्रोत का जाप प्रारम्भ किया जा सकता है। 

 

 


Monday, October 12, 2020

Tips for OTP free Transaction through SBI ATM







Now a days in India there is rules by SBI from Sept 18, 2020 that if any SBI Customer will withdraw ten thousand or above through SBI ATM then it will ask for OTP which will only receive in your registered mobile number, This feature is enable for the security purpose, it prevent from unauthorized withdrawals, card cloning etc.

OTP based withdrawals only available at SBI ATM.

SBI customer should  prefer the SBI ATM for cash withdrawal due to more security features.

SBI ATM Cards have the EMV based transaction means transaction through ATM Card CHIP.

But what if you don't have the number with you or you left the phone at your home. 

So😎 ,what you can do in this scenario.

1. Withdraw rupees 9500 , 9900 (if 100 rs deno. available) or 9800 (if 200 rs deno. available), it will not ask for OTP.

2.  You can withdraw from any other ATM except SBI ATM, other ATM will not ask for OTP.

3.   You can use the YONO app of SBI for cardless cash withdrawal, it will also help if you forget to take your card at ATM


(How to use YONO, Please check my next post, i will explain in details with video)

 


Sunday, October 11, 2020

रवि पुष्य योग || Sunday 11 , 2020

रवि पुष्य योग ,जब रविवार के दिन पुष्य नक्षत्र होता है तो ऐसे में रवि पुष्य योग होता है |

इस योग में शुभ कार्य संपन्न किया जा सकता है जैसे,

वाहन क्रय 

आभूषण क्रय  

मंत्रो की सिद्धि 

माणिक्य धारण 

यंत्रो की सिद्धि 


इस दिन सुबह उठकर अरुणोदय काल में स्नान आदि पवित्र होकर ताम्बे के बर्तन में जल लेकर उसमे शहद या गुड़ डालकर सूर्य को अर्ध्य दे उसके बाद आदित्य ह्रदय स्त्रोत का जाप करे इससे कुंडली में सूर्य का प्रभाव अनुकूल होता है। 


इस दिन आक की जड़ धारण कर सकते हैं ,एक दिन पहले संध्या में इस पेड़ को आमंत्रण दे आये अगले दिन सुबह में उसका जड़ ले कर आये फिर उसका पंचोपचार पूजन कर के बाजु में धारण करें इससे समाज में प्रतिष्ठा बढ़ेगी और सूर्य का अनुकूल प्रभाव होगा ।


प्रकृति ने दी है चेतावनी

जिस तरह से दुनिया में कोरोना ने आतंक मचाया उससे पुरे दुनिया को प्रकृति की ओर से एक चेतावनी कहा जाये तो बिलकुल सही होगा मानव जाति ने जिस तरह से इस प्रकृति का दूरउपयोग किया है उससे आने वाले समय में प्रलय आ जाये इसमें कोई शक की गुंजाईश नहीं है , लेकिन मानव जाति महत्वपूर्ण और शक्तिशाली बनने की होड़ में विनाश की ओर बढे चले जा रही है, 

सुनो !!

ऐ जिव जो मानव प्रजाति है तुम्हारी,
ना ये जहाँ तुम्हारा न ये धरती सिर्फ तुम्हारी । 

तुम्हे घमंड है किस बात का, 
जबकि हिस्से में है सिर्फ दो ग़ज्ज जमीं तुम्हारी। 

अनंत फैले इस ब्रह्माण्ड में ,
धूल के कण सा है अस्तित्व तुम्हारा। 

खुद को इस संसार का भगवान कहना ,
क्या ये नासमझी नहीं है तुम्हारा । 

अपने स्वार्थ में डूबकर, खुद को सीमाओं में घेरकर ,
कहते हो देश महान है तुम्हारा । 

ये जमी है हर जिव का न की सिर्फ तुम्हारी,

संभल जाओ वक़्त रहते, प्रकृति ने दी है चेतावनी ,
वार्ना न तुम बच पाओगे न ये दिखावे की इन्शानियत तुम्हारी। 

Sunday, June 16, 2019

My father is my hero

I still remember the days in childhood, when i used to live at my grandmother home,My father always came to meet me and sometimes they bought lakhto(Sweet snack) from market and gave to me,i become very happy to got lakhto from my father and hide little bit it to my dolchi(Plastic box) for the next day,because it was my favorite. Normally i got lakhto from my grandmother usually daily in evening time when my grandfather return from the market,but i got little bit due to it shared to other children.

Once i was in the class in my school Osho gyan Niketan and i saw the glimpse of my father ,he was coming from somewhere and going to somewhere for their work,i think that he will surely meet me today but not met, but i was not unhappy,because someday he will come to meet again.

Once he came to meet at grandmother home and he somehow know that my school fees was not deposited from last six month,then he went to my school and deposited my school fees.

One day my teacher ask what is your father name and by mistake written on the invitation card of Sarswati pooja,(i was not able to tell him that i live at my grandmother house so write my grandfather name, because teacher was very rude).i take it to my home and gave it to my grandfather but he rejected that his name is not written so he will not go.I kept the invitation card safely and one day i gave it to my father because his name was written on the invitation card.

i don`t live more together with my father but learnt a lots of thing from him,specially
"NEVER GIVE UP , WHATEVER THE SITUATION IS..."
                           HaPpY FaThEr`S DaY

Saturday, March 25, 2017

बिना वीजा के इन देशों में घूम सकते हैं हम भारतीय .

बिना वीजा के इन 59 देशों में घूम सकते हैं भारतीय ....

नई दिल्‍ली: अगर आपको विदेश घूमने जाना है और वीजा नहीं मिल रहा तो शायद यह खबर आपके लिए बहुत ही फायदेमंद साबित होगी, क्‍योंकि भारतीय नागरिक बिना किसी वीजा के भी इन 59 देशों की यात्रा कर सकते हैं।

ग्लोबल फाइनेंस एडवाइजरी फर्म अर्टन कैप्टिल ने हाल ही में एक रिपोर्ट जारी कर उन देशों की लिस्ट जारी की है, जिनके पासपोर्ट सबसे पावरफुल हैं। ऐसे देश दूसरे देशों में बिना वीजा के अपने नागरिकों को घूमने की इजाजत देते हैं।

इनमें सबसे पावरफुल पासपोर्ट स्वीडन का है, जो अपने नागरिकों को 174 देशों में बिना वीजा के ट्रैवल करने की इजाजत देता है। दुनिया के सिर्फ 59 देश ऐसे हैं, जहां इंडियन पासपोर्ट होल्डर बिना वीजा के ट्रैवल कर सकते हैं। इनमें से कुछ देशों में आपको वीजा ऑन अराइवल की सुविधा भी है।

यह हैं वह देश:
1. बहरीन - ईवीजा
2. भूटान - बिना वीजा
3. बोलीविया - आगमन पर वीजा
4. कंबोडिया - आगमन पर वीजा
5. केप वर्डे - आगमन पर वीजा
6. कोमोरोस -आगमन पर वीजा
5. कोटे डी आइवर - ईवीजा
6. जिबूती - आगमन पर वीजा
7. डोमिनिका - बिना वीजा
8. इकाडोर - बिना वीजा
9. अल सल्वाडोर - बिना वीजा
10 इथियोपिया - आगमन पर वीजा
11. फिजी - बिना वीजा
12. गैबॉन - ईवीजा
13. जॉर्जिया - ईवीजा
14. ग्रेनाडा - बिना वीजा
15. गिनी-बिसाऊ - आगमन पर वीजा
16. गुयाना - आगमन पर वीजा
17. हैती - बिना वीजा

18. इंडोनेशिया - आगमन पर वीजा
19. जमैका - बिना वीजा
20. जॉर्डन - आगमन पर वीजा
21. केन्या - ईवीजा
22. लाओस - आगमन पर वीजा
23. मेडागास्कर - आगमन पर वीजा
24. मालदीव - आगमन पर वीजा
25 मॉरिटानिया - आगमन पर वीजा
26. मॉरीशस - बिना वीजा
27. माइक्रोनेशिया - बिना वीजा
28. माल्डोवा - ईवीजा
29. म्यांमार - ईवाजी
30. नेपाल - बिना वीजा
31. पलाऊ - आगमन पर वीजा
32. रवांडा - ईवीजा
33. सेंट किट्स और नेविस - बिना वीजा
34. सेंट लूसिया - आगमन पर वीजा
35. सेंट विंसेंट और ग्रेनेडाइंस - कोई वीजा
36. समोआ - आगमन पर परमिट
37. साओ टोम और प्रिंसिपे - ईवीजा
38. सेनेगल - आगमन पर वीजा
39. सेशेल्स - आगमन पर वीजा
40. सोमालिया - आगमन पर वीजा
41. श्रीलंका - बिना वीजा लेकिन विशेष अनुमति की आवश्यकता
42. तंजानिया - आगमन पर वीजा
43. थाईलैंड - आगमन पर वीजा
44. टोगो - आगमन पर वीजा
45. तिमोर-लेस्ते - आगमन पर वीजा
46. त्रिनिदाद और टोबैगो - बिना वीजा
47. तुवालु - आगमन पर वीजा
48. युगांडा - आगमन पर वीजा
49. वानुअतु - बिना वीजा
50. जाम्बिया - ईवीजा
51. जिम्बाब्वे - ईवीजा
52. भूटान - बिना वीजा
53. हांगकांग - बिना वीजा
54. अंटार्टिका -आगमन पर वीजा
55. दक्षिण कोरिया - बिना वीजा
56. एवाईआरओ मैसेडोनिया - बिना वीजा
57. स्वालबार्ड - बिना वीजा
58. मोंटसेराट - बिना वीजा
59. तुर्क और कैकोस द्वीप समूह - बिना वीजा

Friday, September 27, 2013

Honour killings"

 Honor killing means killing a family or clan member in the name of family pride or protecting once family’s honor. Human rights watch defines honor killings as “acts of vengeance, usually death, committed by male family member’s usually female family members, who are held to have brought dishonor upon the family. The mere perception that a woman has behaved in a way that dishonors her family is sufficient to trigger an attack on her life.  

Creation of "honour” killings?: 

Creation of "honour” killings ? History of honor killings Code goes back to 1200BC in the Hammurabi and Assyrian laws Modernized as a core value in Arab-Islamic societies Islamic culture granted women a considerable number of rights. “Honor killing” is first used by the Dutch turkey expert of the university of “Leiden Ane Nauta “in 1978. Also referred to as “ Customary Killing or domestic Public Violence .

Honour Killing: Global Problem: 

Honour Killing: Global Problem Large number of cases are reported mostly in parts of the Middle East and South Asia, the issue is a global one where other cases have been reported in Bangladesh, Great Britain, Brazil, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Pakistan, Morocco, Sweden, Turkey, and Uganda.

Where the problem is: 

Where the problem is Pakistan Jordan Israel India Muslim countries In these countries, those who kill for honour are almost never punished. In the rare occasions that they are brought on trial, they would only serve 3 months in prison at the most. But most would be let off.

Situation of honour killing in INDIA: 

Situation of honour killing in INDIA More than 1000 honor killings in India every year. Lots of cases are that marriage can be forced to save honor, and women can be murdered for rejecting a forced marriage and marrying a partner of their own choice who is not acceptable for the family of the girl . Expert says that honor killings happen with regularity in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh

India’s Report Says:-: 

India’s Report Says:- This happen not only within the Muslim community but also among Sikhs and Hindus. According to the India Democratic Women's Association, Haryana, Punjab and U P account for about 900 honor killings and another 100 to 300 in the rest of the country . Honor Killing Is Strongly Supported In Punjab , Rajasthan , Haryana , Bihar & in U.P.

Cases related to honor killing in India: 

Cases related to honor killing in India According to a data compiled by Haryana Police 34 incidents of Honor Killings were reported in the state between 2010 and 2012 . In March 2012 , Haryana court sentenced 5 people to death for murdering a couple on the orders of “Khap Panchayats” a traditional unofficial local council . Imrana , a 16 – year old girl from Buxar , Bihar was set on fire in her house .

Zarghona 15 lies in a Peshawar shelter, burnt by her father-in-law who said she had not cleaned her husband's clothes properly .: 

Zarghona 15 lies in a Peshawar shelter, burnt by her father-in-law who said she had not cleaned her husband's clothes properly .

Global Facts

In Pakistan Honor Killing Is Also Known As Karo-Kari Locally. Saudi Arabia:-Saudi Women Was Killed By Her Father For Chatting On Facebook To A Man. India , Egypt , Turkey ,Iraq ,Yemen etc Are Also Responsible For Honor Killing To Give Rise.

JUDICIARY SILENCE !!! : 

JUDICIARY SILENCE !!! Why is the judiciary silent ??? Have police investigated these crimes thoroughly? Do we have transparency about how such investigations are carried out? Why Indians families silently endure these killings? In a powerful democracy like India, it is a shame that we have no legal safeguard to address this heinous crime that has steadily increased over the last few decades.  

What the United Nation has done.: 

What the United Nation has done. The UN issued a press statement condemning “honor” killings. UN organizations will be advocating an awareness campaign project to be conducted. UN have organized meeting of many countries to solve this social issues.

What can we do?: 

What can we do? Raise awareness through education. Send letters to relevant heads of countries where this is happening and advise them to act immediately. Set up a fund to raise money to halt domestic violence [violence within a family]. Youth of India should be mobilized. Amendment of IPC(Indian Panel Code) to include honor killings as a separate offence. Public awareness about this issue, and fuel the people about its evil impact on society and country as whole. The Message Is Being Spread Into The Society That Females Are a human being they have the right to live.

Message to the society:-

Stop Killing and Stoning Women !!! They are the human being they have right to live on this earth. Females are the mother ,sister we cannot imagine the existence of universe without them. Be a man respect a women Message To The Society : 

Tuesday, June 11, 2013

A Project Report On UIAD based Financial Inclusion in India





PREFACE


UIDAI BASED FINANCIAL INCLUSION IN INDIAThe UID will pave the way for a variety of applications that leverage the reliable authentication the
UID offers, within their infrastructure. This document lays out one potential application of the UID — the implementation of a universal, micropayments solution. Implementing the solution will require the collaboration of a variety of stakeholders, including banking institutions, the regulator, and the government.

CHAPTERS OF THE PROJECT REPORT


S. No.
TOPIC
PAGE NO.
1.
INTRODUCTION
5-18
2.
REVIEW OF LITRACTURE
19-43
3.
RESEARCH METHODLOGY
44-48
4.
DATA ANALYSIS & PRESENTATION
49-51
5.
RECOMMENDATION & CONCLUSION
52-53

·       BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                                                                                                 
                                                                               


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT


               I take immense pleasure in thanking Mr. Ashok Parikh, Managing Director, and Dr. Deepti Bhargav, our Principal for having permitted us to carry out this project work.
I wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to my project Guide, Mr. Ashish Adholiya Sir (Assistant Professor) Department of Management Studies, Shrinathji Institute of Engineering and Technology, for his able guidance and useful suggestions, which helped us in  completing the project work, in time.
I am grateful to the authors and writer who provide the important contents on internet and all the faculty members of, the silent support received from my parents & my friends who stood behind all my even or odds situations to convert any distress into delight, deserves unconditional recognition.



Giradhar Mumar Maurya












CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION














If a country’s growth is to be truly transformational, it must come with economic access for the poor. However, enabling access for poor residents — to the economy, its infrastructure, and its institutions — has been a challenge in India, especially in rural areas. The lack of one form of access in particular, access to finance, has deeply constrained India’s poor residents. Financial inclusion gives the poor the resources to migrate for better jobs, invest in entrepreneurship, and insure themselves against bad times and economic    shocks. Without this, they often find themselves trapped in their circumstances.
The poor rarely consume everything they earn. Given the uncertainty of employment, and uncertain incomes, they typically save when they can, and borrow when they need to. In their book, “Portfolios of the Poor”, Collins et al. [ ] describe a host of different methods poor households deploy at any given point in time: storing savings at home, with others, or with banks, joining chit funds, borrowing from neighbours, relatives, employers, moneylenders, or financial institutions. Many of these informal financial tools are unreliable and expensive. The UID can play a critical role in enabling access to formal financial mechanisms, by helping the poor to easily authenticate their identity to financial institutions. This in turn, can significantly improve the effectiveness of existing financial inclusion strategies, and address the last-mile challenges residents now face in accessing financial services. All financial services (loans, insurance, pensions, etc.) eventually involve a financial institution making a payment to a customer or vice versa. For example, in a micro-insurance policy, the customer makes periodic payments for the insurance premium, and receives a payment when a specified event occurs. In a micro-pension policy, the pension fund collects contributions from the customer when young, and makes a set of payments to the customer in old age.
This poses the challenge of creating a payment system that can handle a large number of small value transactions. The UID approach to financial inclusion focuses on the creation of such a micropayments platform, addressing the last mile problems, streamlining the delivery of government benefits, and providing Access to finance to those who have so far been excluded.

LIST OF DEFINITIONS:-
1. AADHAAR – Brand name associated with UID.
2. Authentication – The process of verifying the Aadhaar number of a resident with reference to his biometrics and / or other attributes.
3. Authority – Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI).
4. Biometric Data – Refers to the facial image, iris scan and fingerprints collected by the Registrar from the enrolees based on the standards prescribed by the UIDAI and by following the process laid down for the purpose.
5. De-duplication – The process of using the Demographic and Biometric data collected from an enrollee to check against existing Aadhaar data so as to avoid duplicate enrolments.
6. Demographic Data – Refers to the personal information collected or verified by the Registrar based on the data fields prescribed by the UIDAI and by following the process laid down for the purpose.
7. Enrolment – Refers to the exercise of collection of demographic data after verification, collection of biometrics, and the allocation of the UID number after de-duplication.
8. Registrar – The Agency of the Central or State Government or Local Government comprising the elected rural and urban local bodies Constitutional/ statutory Village Councils or a recognized Non-Governmental
Organization with whom UIDAI has entered into a Memorandum of Understanding for covering issues related to the implementation of the UID Project. Organizations such as LIC and Public Sector Banks can also be Registrars.
9. Resident – Normal resident of India.
ACRONYMS
1. BC – Business Correspondents
2. IBA – Indian Banks Association
5
3. KYC – Know Your Customer.
4. KYR – Know Your Resident. Resident’s demographic data captured by Registrar as part of the defined Aadhaar enrolment process.
5. KYR+ – Know Your Resident plus. Additional resident data capture by Registrar during Aadhaar enrolment process for their internal usage.
6. RBI – Reserve Bank of India.
7. UID – Unique Identification.
8. UIDAI - Unique Identification Authority of India.
Account opening process details:-
In the proposed partnership, UIDAI will collect the resident’s information, as part of the Aadhaar enrolment, and pass on to the bank for opening the bank account. The process details of information capture and transfer to bank are mentioned below:
1. The registrars will be responsible for collecting the resident’s information including biometrics and consent for opening bank account. With the proposed change in KYC regulations, the bank officials will not need to be present during this process to sight / verify resident details.
2. The resident’s information hence captured by the registrar will be electronically sent to UIDAI, where the Aadhaar number will be generated
post the de-duplication process to ensure the concerned person has not been issued Aadhaar earlier.
3. The resident’s information along with the Aadhaar number will be transferred to the bank, as chosen by the resident, for opening of resident’s bank account. UIDAI will only send the resident’s following mandatory and conditional/optional ‘Know Your Resident’ (KYR) 20 information to the bank (Optional data may not be available for all residents)

a. Name -                                    Mandatory
b. Date of Birth -                         Mandatory
c. Gender -                                   Mandatory
d. Address -                                 Mandatory
e. Aadhaar number -                    Mandatory
f. Photograph                               Mandatory
g. Father’s/Husband’s Name -     Conditional
h. Father’s/Husband’s Aadhaar - Conditional
i. Mother’s/Wife’s Name -            Conditional
j. Mother’s/Wife’s Aadhaar -       Conditional
k. Introducer’s Name -                 Conditional
l. Introducer’s Aadhaar -              Conditional
m. Mobile Number -                     Optional     
n. Email Address -                        Optional
The below figure explains the data transfer process in detail.
ACCESS TO FINANCE TODAY:-
In recent years, India has made substantial progress in broadening financial inclusion. The growth of business correspondents (BCs) has expanded banking services in rural India [ , ]. Liberalized branch expansion and ATM policies have encouraged rural banking, and new business models such as mobile banking are rapidly emerging. The notion of reduced Know Your Customer (KYC) norms for no-frills accounts—accounts where bank balances do not exceed Rs.50,000, and credit does not go above Rs.1,00,000 a year—makes easier for
From exclusion to inclusion with micropayments:-







As a result of this policy, 33 million no-frills accounts have been created as of March 2012. This preference among the poor for regular transactions in micro-amounts has led other Indian industries to tailor their products and Services accordingly, to target this income group. These include telecom company offerings of ten rupee prepaid top-ups for mobile phones, and the popular two rupee detergent and shampoo sachets sold by FMCG firms.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, which guarantees 100 days of wage employment a year to every rural household. Janani Suraksha Yojna is aimed at reducing maternal and infant mortality rates for Below Poverty Line (BPL) families. It provides young mothers with a cash benefit that is conditional upon them receiving proper ante and neo-natal care. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a program for universalising elementary education across the country.

KYC (Know Your Customer) Challenges:-

Even with reduced KYC norms, banks must corroborate the identity and address of a resident, before they get a bank account. Prospective customers applying for a no-frills account must consequently provide identity documentation or letters from local authorities verifying their identity and residence. These requirements make it difficult for many among the poor to get a bank account. This challenge is further accentuated for the migrant poor, who due to their mobility and transitory work are less likely to have either relevant identity
Documentation or acceptable substitutes.

High Costs:-

Today, despite the network of 82,000 bank branches of commercial banks ( ) across the country, India’s banks cater to only about 5% of the villages. The cost of this financial distance is paid by the poor (Box). A visit to the bank for the poor often means substantial travel and expense, and the loss of a day’s wages. The poor find such costs especially untenable given their preference for micro-transactions.

Limited Accessibility:-

The challenges that people like Ram face are not unique to MGNREGS beneficiaries (Box), but are common across much of rural India, and across government schemes. The lack of a common shared payments infrastructure across government programs means that beneficiaries have little choice in where their accounts reside, and have to collect different payments—GNREGS and Janani Suraksha Yojna (JSY) benefits, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) salaries, pensions—from different agencies. The distance beneficiaries are required to travel to various agencies for their money incurs opportunity costs as well as travel costs.

NOTE:-As a result of this policy, 33 million no-frills accounts have been created as of March 2012. This preference among the poor for regular transactions in micro-amounts has led other Indian industries to tailor their products and services accordingly, to target this income group. These include telecom company offerings of ten rupee prepaid top-ups for mobile phones, and the popular two rupee detergent and shampoo sachets sold by FMCG firms.
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, which guarantees 100 days of wage employment a year to every rural household.
Janani Suraksha Yojna is aimed at reducing maternal and infant mortality rates for Below Poverty Line (BPL) families. It provides young mothers with a cash benefit that is conditional upon them receiving proper ante and neo-natal care.
Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan is a program for universalising elementary education across the country.

Facilitation of Government payment disbursal:-

The Inter Ministerial Group’s report on ‘Delivery of Basic Financial Services
Using Mobile Phones’ published in April 2010 has recommended that all Government payments should be made through linkage to Aadhaar number. For this purpose the group recommended an ‘account mapper’ that would provide linkages between Aadhaar No, mobile number and the linked bank account details. Aadhaar has the potential to become the universal linkage for disbursing
Government payments. All government departments could just issue instructions to their banks with individual’s Aadhaar number and the amount to be transferred. The linkage of Aadhaar number to the designated bank account
(Designated by the individual) could come from the ‘account mapper’.
Figure 1: Facilitating direct transfer to beneficiary account

Receiving a cash payment: 20 kms a way, 15 days late and only once a week:-
The present challenges in financial access are well-illustrated in the case of Ram, who lives in the village Atariya in Bundelkhand.To collect the MGNREG Swages deposited into his bank account, Rammust walk for an hour and a half to the village of Kakarwaha, six kilometres away. Three buses everyday ply from Kakarwaha to Badagaon, 14 kms away,wherethe nearest bank branch is based. Ram can collect his wages only on the Thursday of each week—the bank has divided the days among the surrounding villages so as to manage the workload. MGNREGS beneficiaries must reach the branch before closing time at 2:30 pm, else come again the following week. The bus fare for Ram costs Rs.10, and them one lender gets cut of his wages. The costs Ram pays in order to collect the Rs.500 in wages due to him are substantial. He incurs the loss of a day’s wage, the cost of the bus fare, and additional interest charged by the money lender. In all, Ramincursa cost of more than 20%of the benefit, in his efforts to collect the benefit payment.

Source: IndianExpress,September 9,2012.

The costly processes of cash management, cumbersome identity verification processes and high transaction volumes create inefficiencies across the system, and a web of delayed payments and long waiting times for the ultimate beneficiaries. The information asymmetry between the bank and the beneficiaries on when payments have arrived also gives rise to middlemen, who pass on this information to the beneficiaries for a price. The net costs that beneficiaries pay out to access their payments across government schemes and social programs is estimated to be in excess of Rs.6000 crore. These constraints prevent the poor from using banking services regularly. If a resident moves away from their village, their ability to access their money becomes even more challenging. Today, benefit payments that the poor receive are often tied to their location. This affects residents in a variety of situations — when they migrate for jobs to the city and then return to the village, when pensioners move to the village or town their son/daughter lives in, or when pregnant women move to their parents’ home for delivery.
Storing savings safely:-
The lack of access to banking services for the poor also makes the safety of their savings, which the middle class takes for granted, a challenge (Box). Due to the limited safety of savings stored at home, the poor resort to
3: Paying a premium for safety:-

Rashid Ul Sheikh, a migrant in New Delhi, is employed as a mason in the city, and lives in the Kapashera slum. The migrant workers in the slum are usually housed four people to a room, which makes it difficult for them to store their
Money and valuables where they live. Migrants often do not have the documents for a bank account. The ration card they have is often from the village, and not accepted by bank authorities. Thus, they do not have a means of storing their savings safely. Rashid consequently gives his savings to his landlord for safe keeping, who charges him10%tokeepthe money secure.

Other means to ensure the security of their money, including converting it into investments in gold or livestock, or lending it to friends and family. The lack of access to institutional services for savings means that the poor pay a premium to private agents such as moneylenders to store their cash securely and ensure the safety of their money.


Challenges for banks:-
Banks in India face unique challenges in fulfilling the goals of greater financial accessibility and affordability for the poor (Box ). In much of rural India, unbanked regions are those that are sparsely populated, which lack basic infrastructure, and where large numbers of small transactions is common. As a result, banks face high costs of customer acquisition; high potential transactions costs of micropayments; and large expenditures on infrastructure and IT.

Savings accounts in Cuddlier:-
A study of no-frills accounts in Cuddlier, a district that achieved full financial inclusion, revealed some interesting findings, some of which are consistent with the regulator’s own observations. One aspect that emerged was that reaching the last mile, and financial illiteracy are the larges timpedimentsto achieving financial inclusion. The experience of providing no-frills accounts in this rural district also demonstrated that these accounts are expensive to create and operate, largely due to the process being labour-intensive for banks. Since most no-frills bank accounts have very little balance, banks cannot recoup the account operation costs through float. The study did however, publish one very encouraging fact: accounts that stay active haves teadily increasing balances as time progresses.

Source: Cost-Benefit and Usage Behaviour Analysis of No Frills Accounts : A Study Report on Cuddlier District.


A Tipping Point for Financial Inclusion:-

Today, inclusive growth is a national priority. Much has already been done by banks, non-bank financial institutions, regulators, and the Ministry of Finance to achieve financial inclusion. A tipping point in favour of financial inclusion has now been reached due to the recent alignment of various policy as well as market factors. The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) has been setup to manage the national payments infrastructure. It will deploy an interoperable modern payments, clearing, and settlement infrastructure that can handle large volumes of transactions at very low cost.

A Conducive Policy Environment:-
The regulator has expanded the list of entities that can act as Business correspondents (BCs). This list, among others, includes kirana shops, petrol pumps, self help groups, etc. Thus, banks either by themselves or along with retail partners such as FMCG firms, MFIs, telcos can appoint kirana shops, self-help groups, and other similar entities as BCs. The regulator prescribes outsourcing guidelines that ensure that there is no conflict of interest when certain banking activities are outsourced. The Finance Minister, in the 2010 budget speech has indicated converting several subsidies into direct cash benefits. The government has created two funds for financial inclusion , which can be instrumental in Scaling up financial inclusion efforts in the country. Various benefits programs may even be able to bear part of the capital and operations costs, if an effective micropayments system can be put into place. Thus, the last mile, which is expensive to reach, given the country’s large size and geographical diversity, can be serviced effectively.



A Scalable Model with UID-enabled Micropayments:-

The final piece of the micropayments solution is the UID number. Banks can leverage the UID enrolment process and infrastructure to acquire customers and open UID-enabled Bank Accounts (UEBAs). Thus, banks will not have to bear the cost of biometric devices, or pay for enrolment agencies to travel from village to village acquiring customers The Know Your Resident (KYR) verification performed by UIDAI will match the Know Your Customer
(KYC) verification done by banks today. When UID KYR is accepted as KYC for no-frills bank accounts, banks will save on KYC costs. Lastly, since a person’s UID will be tagged to every transaction, the regulator achieves full traceability and accountability. Thus, no trade-off is required between inclusion and security. The UID-based micropayments model is similar to the familiar online PoS/ATM world that banks are already comfortable with. Using similar ideas and infrastructure dramatically brings down operational costs and risks. The real-time online authentication offered by UIDAI also provides secure identification of branchless banking customers to banks at low cost. The current policy and technology environments, combined with the benefits of using the UID infrastructure as an overlay on the existing banking infrastructure can usher in an era of ubiquitous branch-less banking.















CHAPTER-2

REVIEW OF LITRACTURE



















In the last twenty years, India has undergone a transformation of its economic and regulatory structures. Policy reforms in this period have led to the increasing maturity of our markets, as well as healthy regulation. The emphasis on de-licensing, entrepreneurship, the use of technology and decentralisation of governance to the state and local level have in particular, shifted India from a restrictive, limited access society to a more empowered, open access economy, where people are able to access resources and services more easily and effectively. But despite these efforts, access to finance has remained scarce in rural India, and for the poorest residents in the country. Today, the proportion of rural residents who lack access to bank accounts remains at 40%, and this rises to over three-fifths of the population in the east and north-east parts of India. This exclusion is debilitating. Economic opportunity is after all, intertwined with financial access. Such financial access is especially valuable for the poor—it offers a cushion to a group whose incomes are often volatile and small. It gives them opportunities to build savings, insure themselves against income shocks and make investments. Such savings and insurance protect the poor against potentially ruinous events—illness, loss of employment, droughts, and crop failures. However due to the lack of access to financial services, many of the Indian poor face difficulties in accumulating savings. To mitigate the lack of financial access in India, the regulator has focused on improving the reach of financial services in new and innovative ways — through no-frills accounts, the liberalization of banking and ATM policies, and branchless banking with business correspondents (BCs), which enables local intermediaries such as self-help groups and kirana stores to provide banking services. Related efforts have also included the promotion of core-banking solutions in Regional Rural Banks; and the incorporation of the National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI) to provide a national infrastructure for payments and settlements in the country.
Advancements in technology such as core banking, ATMs, and mobile connectivity have also had enormous impact on banking. Mobile phones in particular present an enormous opportunity in spreading financial services across India. These technologies have reduced the need for banks to be physically close to their customers, and banks have been consequently able to experiment with providing services through internet as well as mobile banking. These options, in addition to ATMs, have made banking accessible and affordable for many urban non-poor residents across the country. With the poor, however, banks face a fundamental challenge that limits the success of technology and banking innovations. The lack of clear identity documentation for the poor creates difficulties in establishing their identity to banks. This has also limited the extent to which online and mobile banking can be leveraged to reach these communities.

UID-ENABLED MICROPAYMENTS:-

A stable and secure channel for the delivery of micropayments will be central to successful, widespread financial access. A UID-enabled Bank Account (UEBA) linked to a UID number can provide this channel. A customer can access their UEBA through a BC operating a handheld micro ATM device. A UEBA
Provides four basic banking features:
1. It provides a convenient store of cash for savings, with a facility for making        electronic deposits and withdrawals in micro-amounts
2. It is a convenient way to make payments
3. It works as a fast channel for sending and receiving remittances
4. It allows balance queries, and provides a history of transactions

Transactions on the UID-enabled bank account function essentially as a prepaid system, similar to that used by mobile operators. This enables local BCs such as self-help groups and kirana shops to offer basic banking services at low risk to the bank. The customers are already familiar with this model and comfortable
With paying for talk-time, an electronic good. The BC starts out by depositing a certain amount with the banking institution. This ‘prepaid balance’ paid up by the BC to the bank changes with every transaction the BC makes. It decreases when a customer makes a deposit transaction, when some part of it is transferred to the customer’s account and increases when a customer withdraws money. When the customer is making a deposit, he pays physical cash to the BC, who subsequently makes an electronic transfer from the BC account to the customer account. When making a withdrawal, the electronic transfer is made from the customer account to the BC account, and the BC hands out physical cash to the customer. This transfer from physical cash to its electronic equivalent has precedence across India—including villages—in the purchase of mobile prepaid cards. The bulk of mobile subscribers have prepaid subscriptions, and each time a customer purchases talk-time for his phone in the form of Rs.10 or Rs.50 prepaid cards, he is exchanging physical cash for electronic cash in the form of talk-time. The primary advantage of this approach is that even as it runs electronic transactions at the account level, thus bringing down the costs of cash management for banks, it also supports physical cash transactions at the local level—which is an important component of rural banking. This approach also substantially reduces the risk to the bank, since the cash transacted at the local level is already paid-up by the BC. The banking institution is consequently protected from fraudulent actions by the BC.








The UID-based micropayments offer stronger compliance with Anti Money Laundering laws, both to the banks and the regulator.
Identity Verification:

Residents will be able to verify their identity to banking institutions easily, in real time and at low-cost, using UID authentication, which will be available even in rural areas through telecom networks.

Access to Finance:

Remote verification of identity will enable local agencies, including self-help groups and kirana stores equipped with mobile bank devices, to act as BCs. This solves the last mile problem for the rural poor in financial access, while simultaneously giving residents choice and mobility. They will have choice among local service providers, and can operate their bank account anywhere through any BC.

Using the Bank Account:

With UID-enabled bank accounts, government can deliver Electronic Benefit
Transfers (EBTs) to the resident’s account. This in turn, will encourage poor residents to get bank accounts in order to receive EBTs and remittances. Having banking facilities at the doorstep will encourage more transactions on th account, rather than withdrawing the full amount, as is observed in many cases today.


Addressing Challenges for Banks:

Traditionally, banks provide a variety of free services to their customers. The bank bears the cost of customer acquisition, the cost of account maintenance, and the cost of all transactions. This is possible because the bank enjoys the float in the customer’s deposit account, which covers the cost of these services. No-frills accounts, however, offer very little float to the bank. Thus, a scalable model for financial inclusion must be built on a low cost infrastructure, with a transparent per-transaction pricing model. Banks will need to address the following major challenges to achieve large-scale financial inclusion.

Customer Acquisition Costs:-

Banks bear an estimated cost of Rs.100 for customer acquisition for a no frills
Account. The cost of account maintenance is estimated at Rs.100 every year.
Aligning reduced KYC requirements of no-frills bank accounts with UID Know Your Resident (KYR) standards and authentication can ensure that anyone with a UID number is eligible for a UID-enabled bank account. Customer acquisition costs can come down substantially by leveraging the UID enrolment and saving the costs of biometric devices and labour. Additionally, UID authentication ensures that only the eligible beneficiary can operate the UID enabled bank account. This simplifies and strengthens the security of transactions, both for the banks and the customer.

Fixed Costs of IT

The existing banking infrastructure is not suited for no-frills banking. For example, Core Banking Systems (CBS) at banks today, which are required for electronic transactions, provide for accounts with a wide range of features, and have formidable fixed and marginal costs for no-frills accounts.
Given the diversity of core banking platforms and IT capabilities of banks, adding hundreds of millions of no-frills accounts to existing core banking systems may be infeasible. A fresh look at hosting no-frills accounts on new platforms that either the banks implement or outsource may be necessary to achieve the desired transactions costs. The cost can possibly be brought down by hosting no-frills accounts on the bank’s existing CBS, or on a separate dedicated system. Alternatively, banks may outsource the hosting to a low-cost depository (much like a stock depository).

Transactions Costs:

Transaction costs are also high — it costs a bank roughly Rs.40 for each teller transaction, and Rs.10 for each ATM transaction. Passbook updates take time, and increase the cost of labour per transaction. Technology can be used to bring down the cost of transactions. For instance, mobile, phone, and internet banking are much cheaper than traditional channels. Further, costs will fall substantially with volumes, as fixed costs get shared over a large number of transactions, as has been observed in mobile telephony. A technology infrastructure that enables a Rs.10 transaction for a cost of say, 10 paisa can help build a high-volume, low-cost model, which is beneficial for all stakeholders.


THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY

Technology is a central part of the micropayments infrastructure, and essential to a cost-effective solution. The Report of the Committee on Financial Inclusion chaired by Dr. C. Rangarajan, released in January 2008 made two important observations with regard to the technology for low-cost financial access:
1. Technology has to enable the bank to go where the customer is present, instead of the other way around
2. Technology should allow interoperability among the different systems adopted by different banks.
Technology cannot be an end goal by itself, but a means to an end. Any technology solution that is deployed for micro payments, must have the following features:

Interoperability among Banks: Today, with the ATM network, customers of any bank can withdraw funds from any other bank. Similarly, customers banking through a BC must be able to access their UID-enabled bank account at any bank, and operate it.

Cost-effective BC Network: It must be profitable to create and maintain a BC network for banks. Thus, the devices deployed and the networks created must be cost-effective.

Leveraging Existing Systems: Today, a significant investment in payment networks has been made by banks. The National Payments Corporation of India has been set up to run a pan-India payments, clearing, and settlement network. To the extent possible, existing technology can be used to minimize time to market and bring down costs.
Connectivity: UID-enabled micropayments depends on having online connectivity. This connectivity can be in the form of mobile, fixed line, or internet connectivity. Mobile connectivity is already improving by leaps and bounds. Further, recent Department of Telecom initiatives to connect every Common Service Centre (CSC) and gram panchayat with a high speed fibre optic network over the next few years will make internet access ubiquitous, making micropayments and other UID applications feasible across the country. Keeping the above desirable goals in mind, the following technology solutions have been proposed. Some of them have been standardized and adopted, whereas others are still in the conception phase.

Micro ATM Standardization:-
The micro ATM is a device that will be used by a multitude of Business Correspondents to deliver basic banking services at the last mile. A committee consisting of representatives of IBA, UIDAI, NPCI, IDRBT, RBI and various banks was created to define the specifications and use cases of this device.
The costs of failing to standardize a device like the micro ATM are quite high as large sections of Indian society will continue to be left out of the country’s financial system. The telecom industry is widely regarded for relentlessly driving down costs and bringing coverage to large parts of the Indian population. Similar success is possible in the payments industry. The micro ATM is a first step towards providing an online, interoperable, low-cost payments platform to everyone in the country (See Box ).
The micro ATM device design and system architecture are influenced by the design of debit/credit card processing on point-of-service (PoS) terminals, combined with authentication services that UIDAI will provide.
The micro ATM is deployed by banks either directly, or through service providers The Micro ATM standards are broad-based, standards-based, and generic. They are based on a banked model for financial inclusion, where the UID infrastructure is an overlay on the existing banking infrastructure.

The basic transaction types that the micro ATM will support are:

1. Deposits
2. Withdrawals
3. Funds transfer
4. Balance enquiry and mini-statement

The objectives of these specifications are to:

Ø Bring down transaction costs
Ø Ensure interoperability
Ø Ensure security and transparency of transactions
Ø Bring down the cost by being compatible with existing systems
Ø Provide a uniform customer experience
Ø Reduce agent training needs



A UID-enabled interoperable payments switch:-
Choice and mobility are key to the success of UID-enabled micropayments. A customer should thus be able to go to any BC with a micro ATM device, and access his account, much the same way as an ATM. It should not matter if the BC is appointed by his own bank or by a different bank. Thus, a payments switch that makes this model interoperable is essential. The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) has been formed to switch all the retail payments and fund transfer transactions in India to a central Infrastructure. NPCI has defined business lines to process inter-bank transactions for ATM, PoS, 24x7 remittance, and set up an Automatic Clearing House (ACH). NPCI will also offer UID authentication on its switches, and has defined message formats for interoperability. All inter-bank payment messages will be routed using the architecture showed in Figure. This architecture is similar to what already exists for ATM and PoS switching, and is used by several banks. Most transactions in villages are expected to be ON-US transactions, where both the customer and the BC are from the same bank. In urban areas, and when customers travel, the inter-bank OFF-US transactions make it possible for them to access their bank accounts through any BC with a micro ATM. UID-enabled micropayments will only require minor modifications to carry a biometric payload in the messages, and the ability to Authenticate from a central location. The rest of the banking infrastructure remains unmodified.


Figure:-Interoperability architecture for uid-enable micropayments


A critical part of the UID-enabled micropayments architecture is the direct deposit of government benefits into the accounts of the beneficiaries. A government department should be able to disburse benefits by simply generating a list that contains a UID in one column, and the amount in another column. At a certain level, this is no different than the payroll of a firm, where on a given day, money is transferred directly from a firm’s account to its employee’s accounts. However, what makes this process challenging is the scale and complexity. Government benefits programs are typically funded by the Central Government, but implemented by the states. Different state and local governments park their funds in different banks. The beneficiaries, for reasons of convenience and access, have their accounts spread across a number of banks. Two critical pieces of infrastructure are required to implement UID-enabled disbursement of government benefits:
1. Government departments must have IT systems that maintain a list of beneficiaries by UID, and track any program specific information required for disbursing the benefit. At the time of disbursement, a list of UIDs and amounts are generated and sent to the bank servicing the concerned government department.
2. A nation-wide payments infrastructure can then distribute payments into beneficiary’s accounts using their UIDs.
The entire transaction flow is shown. The first piece of the infrastructure, where the government generates the payment instruction needs to be put in place in various government departments.
The second piece of the infrastructure, which is the actual payment, can be handled by a UID-aware Automated Clearing House (ACH) that is being put in place at NPCI.




Bridging the Last Mile with Mobile Connectivity:-
A million local groups and agencies acting as BCs will put the process of financial inclusion into high gear across the country. Further gains are possible by letting customers access their UID-enabled bank accounts through mobile phones owned either by them or the BC. Mobile phones are fast becoming a ubiquitous phenomenon across the country, including in rural India, and can offer people far away from the closest branch of the banking institution  affordable access to financial services. They can serve as simple, secure and reliable links for transactions—their utility can range from basic information alerts to more advanced cashless person to- person transactions.

The advantages of such infrastructure are significant:

1. Mobile phones can instantly notify customers of cash transfers from the customer account to the BC account and vice versa, via SMS. If the customer doesn’t own a mobile phone, they can make an IVRS call through any available phone to check if the transaction has been made. Governments can also use the mobile SMS platform or IVRS to inform beneficiaries whenever money has been credited into their accounts.

2. A voice-activated system can be used to let customers control every transaction and be aware of each step in the transaction process. An interactive voice menu activated either by the mobile phone’s handset keys or by the customer’s voice can provide users simplified access to informed banking.

3. A mobile phone will also allow customers to place a complaint against any BC who they think has tampered with the transaction or has short-changed them, and the transaction can be put on hold.

4. The UID-based mobile transaction will offer real time online verification and authentication.

5. By combining the ubiquity of mobile phones with a high volume, low-cost payments network, we will eventually be able to reach a stage of effortless person-to-person cashless transactions.


Economic resources are used up in running the banking infrastructure, and in ensuring the safety of customer deposits. Eventually, indirectly, a customer always bears all the costs. A seemingly innocuous payment is actually a complex operation. For cash payments, costs include cash management, security, and foregone interest, among others. Electronic payments are run by a complex network of service and infrastructure providers, each of which provides value and adds to the transactions cost.
The central emphasis of the UID-enabled micropayment solution is that there must be an incentive for every stakeholder to participate; participation must not be just a social obligation. The pricing structure plays an important role in setting up these incentives. Unlike regular banking, the costs of no-frills banking cannot be recovered by banks through interest income on customer deposits. A transparent transactions based pricing model is necessary for viability and scalability.
For a given transaction, the transactions cost must be borne by someone. Typically, the cost is borne by the participant that derives the greatest utility from that transaction. The cost may also be shared across participants, if more than one participant derives significant utility from the transaction. The cost of a payment transaction includes the following components:

Fixed Cost of Transactions:
There is a fixed cost to setting up a payments infrastructure — retail
networks, devices, servers, communications networks etc. Similar to most IT infrastructure, the fixed costs go down dramatically with volumes; the total cost gets spread across a larger number of transactions as utilization of existing infrastructure increases. IT costs also typically do not increase linearly with increased volumes, making larger volumes more economical to support.


Marginal Cost of Transactions:
The payments infrastructure is indifferent to the ticket size of a
Transaction; the IT costs of a Rs.10 transaction are no different from a Rs.100 transaction. On the other hand, certain transactions may create externalities. For example, if the cost of withdrawing Rs.10 and Rs.1000 from a BC is the same, some customers may withdraw large sums and put the BC at a disadvantage. In such cases, pricing, which takes the BC’s liquidity into account, can align incentives for both, the customer and the BC.

Loss from Fraudulent Transactions:
Electronic transactions often attract fraud. One benefit of the UID is that it can dramatically cut down on identity fraud and reduce the losses from fraudulent transactions. The UID number is thus a public good that helps drive down transaction costs throughout the financial system.


A possible pricing structure:-

Based on an understanding of the cost of transactions and BC economics, a possible pricing structure may be As follows:
1. No fees for account creation and maintenance. Fees are only charged for transactions. Thus, customers receive the benefit of safekeeping of deposits without paying exorbitant fees.
2. Transactions performed through mobile phones or the internet should have fixed transaction fees. In these cases, the customer also bears the cost of accessing the mobile network.
3. A transaction fee can be charged for cash withdrawals performed through BCs. This fee can be split between the BC and the bank.
4. Cash deposits can be free.
5. Remittances and payments performed through a BC should be fixed price as it does not affect the BC’s liquidity. The BC, however, must be compensated for services rendered (such as for labour and operating costs).
6. Remittances and payments can be delivered to the payee after subtracting the fixed transaction fee

The pricing structure here is not prescriptive. Eventual pricing should be determined by market forces.
In the telecom model, the transaction fee paid to local retailers is around 2–4%. This fee may have a fixed and a variable component—such as Rs.2+2%.
This is comparable to free incoming calls. Upon the introduction of free incoming calls, volumes increased dramatically. Cash deposits actually increase the BC’s liquidity and are thus preferable.


Benefits for Stakeholders Besides pricing, a significant consideration for the micropayments solution to work effectively is that there must be clear, tangible benefits to all stakeholders in the system. There are significant potential benefits for each stakeholder within the micropayments solution. The stakeholders — central and state governments, banks, BCs and residents—all stand to gain by coming together and forming a collaborative ecosystem.

Benefits for Residents
An individual can benefit from the UID-enabled Bank Account (UEBA) in a number of ways (Box):
1. Residents will be able to access payments, as well as withdraw and deposit money through any bank or any BC across the country.
2. The UEBA will make it possible for residents to make micro-transactions in a cost effective manner.
3. The UEBA will enable the delivery of benefits and subsidies through a single channel to residents in a manner that is faster, more convenient and transparent.
4. The UEBA allows individuals to send and receive remittances cheaper, faster, more securely and in small amounts.
5. A UEBA may include a small, initial deposit from the government to the resident as an added incentive to sign up for the UID.
6. Today, residents moving from their home village or town find it difficult to access financial services such as loans, because they have no way of establishing their credit worthiness. With the UEBA, residents will be able to establish their financial history to banks and agencies, regardless of where they live.





What changes for Ram, under the UID-enabled micropayments approach?
For Ram of Atariya village, the universal micropayment infrastructure will allow him to easily collect his MGNREGS payment, without travel and the loss of a day’s wages. Here, Ram will have already registered for a UID number and received it along with a UID-enabled Bank Account (UEBA).The MGNREGS process will work as before, with the muster rolls travelling from the panchayat level, to the block level, all the way to the state. However, unlike the previous scenario, where a cheque may be issued, an electronic payment is made directly to Ram’s account. If Ram has a mobile phone, he receives an SMS when his pay is credited to his account

Benefits for Government:-
The inability of the poor to clearly verify their identities to public and private agencies has prevented central and state governments from delivering benefits effectively. The proposed micropayments infrastructure can provide several benefits to the government:
1. The introduction of UID-based verification and authentication will make electronic benefit transfers faster, cheaper and more effective for governments.
2. Benefits can be transferred in smaller and more frequent instalments if necessary, to allow residents to build savings and also enforce conditions within benefits. For example, the Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY) program provides a conditional cash benefit to pregnant women if they accept proper care. At present, the benefit is delivered in a single amount, at the end of the mother’s participation in the scheme. With the UEBA, the benefit can be delivered directly to the beneficiary’s bank account in small amounts, each time she fulfils a condition for ante-natal or neo-natal care within the JSY scheme.
3. If the micropayments infrastructure makes access to a bank account universal, governments can not only transfer benefits directly to the individual’s bank account, but also tailor different forms of benefits for residents across the country. This can include ‘restricted cash’ conditional benefits such as JSY, as well as digital vouchers, including education vouchers for children to attend the school of their choice, and health vouchers that buy basic forms of health insurance.

Benefits for Banks:-
Taking banking to rural areas has long been considered an expensive proposition. The high customer acquisition costs, the risks of handling and moving cash, as well as the large volumes of low value transactions make the option of setting up rural branches a social responsibility rather than a business opportunity. The proposed micropayments ecosystem can enable banking institutions to overcome these challenges as described below:
1. Banks can rely on BCs to reach the country’s unbanked population, eliminating the need for a physical bank branch in remote areas.
2. ATMs, as they are currently operated by banks require a sophisticated cash management operation. The BC operation is closer to the lower cost, retail distribution model for mobile prepaid subscriptions.
3. The introduction of the micropayments solution and the use of a central switch to make payments electronically will dramatically cut down on the cost of cash management in the system.
4. The KYC costs for banks can be significantly reduced, bringing down the customer acquisition cost, as a resident with a UID may require no further identification to get a UEBA.
5. Every micropayment, remittance and government transfer can be an additional source of revenue for banks. At high volumes, the transaction fees generated can offset the marginal cost of hosting UEBAs.

Benefits for BCs:-
Despite being identified by the regulator as an important route in achieving mass financial inclusion, the BC model faces various challenges that limit its scale and commercial viability. Cash management—the logistics involved in handling large volumes of cash and the operational risks associated with it—remains one of the biggest problems. Non-operational accounts and difficulties in retaining customers after the initial transaction, as well as inadequate commissions from banks are also major setbacks, preventing BCs from recovering their costs. A majority of BCs as a result, have reported losses and some have even suspended their operations.
To function effectively, BCs will need to see clear benefits from participating in banking services, which is an important outcome of the micropayments model:
1. BCs should receive a commission for every transaction.
2. The commission for providing physical cash to the resident can be of the order of 2% of all withdrawals. In the case of government benefits, government can consider bearing the cost so that the beneficiaries receive the full benefit.
3. This is extra income for the BC, who may often run a kirana shop, a petrol pump or is a SHG.
4. Increased footfalls as a result of providing banking services can also translate into more business for the BC.
5. Banks can team up with FMCG firms, telcos and other firms with retail networks to provide logistics support to the BCs, and build a solution that scales.




BENEFITS FOR THE REGULATOR
The online UID-enabled micropayments model offers several benefits to the regulator:
1. Widespread financial inclusion is a target that the regulator has set for itself, and UID-enabled micropayments are a scalable model that can help achieve it.
2. All transactions are done online and they are reflected in the bank’s systems in real-time. This makes all transactions transparent to the regulator and reduces systemic risk.
3. All UID-enabled micropayments have a UID tagged to them, where the UIDAI will have performed KYR verification before issuing the UID. The UID issued is also unique because of biometric de-duplication. Thus, strong compliance with anti-money laundering laws is assured.
4. The real-time online nature of UID-enabled micropayments mean that anomalies are detected quickly. Customer complaints can also be dealt with promptly due to electronic audit trails. The secure biometric authentication provided by UIDAI can greatly reduce fraud, which reduces the reputational risk for banks and the regulator as compared with offline alternatives.


OTHER BENEFICIARIES


Ministry of Finance:

A bank account linked to every UID number will enable the Finance Ministry to
significantly improve the formulation and monitoring of budgets, subsidies and expenditures. The ability to monitor the movement of cash can also curb money laundering, and an electronic trail for transactions will enable bothAMLand FATF compliance.

MFIs:

One of the challenges that MFIs face is in ensuring that the money collected by their field staff is deposited in banks in a timely and safe manner.With very limited bank branches in rural areas, MFIs have had to deal with substantial theft risks. The presence of a BC network and mobile-based, cashless transactions will avert such risks and increase safety for loan officers. It will also add to the local cash circulation and increase transaction revenues for MFI BCs.
CSCs:

100,000+ Common Service Centres are being set up across the country to act as front-end delivery points for Government, private and social sector services to rural citizens. Each of these centres is run by village level entrepreneurs, who can become BCs and gain additional visibility and income opportunities.

Post Offices:

Post Offices can provide their own unique value by either acting as ‘Post Office Banks’ that perform regular banking functions, or be appointed as BCs. Both options will allow Post Offices to increase their customer base and revenues, and technologically upgrade their operations.

Telecom Companies:
If the mobile based transaction model is adopted, telecom firms will benefit from the increased customer base, additional demand and data traffic. The mobile phone companies can also be BC aggregators.
There are many other positive network externalities that come out of the micropayments solution. We have only outlined the broad benefits here.











CHAPTER-3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY











DEFINITION OF RESEARCH

Research is the systematic and continuing study and evaluation of all factors bearing on any business operation which involves the transfer of goods from production to consumers. “Research is the systematic problem analysis, model building and fact finding for the purpose of improve decision-making and control in marketing of good and service “In words of Clifford Woody –

Management has become a part and parcel of everyday life, be it at home, in the office or factory and in Government. In all organizations, where a group of human beings assemble for a common purpose, management principles come into play through the management of resources, finance and planning, priorities, policies and practice. Management is a systematic way of carrying out activities in any field of human effort.
Research compromises of -
·     Defining and re-defining problems,
·     Formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions,
·     Collecting
·     Organizing and evaluating data
·     Making deductions and researching conclusions
·     At last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.

In short, the research is an original contribution to the existing stock of knowledge making for its advancement or the search for knowledge through objective and systematic method of finding solution to a problem is research. Thus to conclude we can say that “The systemic approach concerning generalization and the formulation of a theory is also research”
Methods of Data Collection
The task of data collection begins after a research problem has been defined. While deciding about the method of data collection to be used for the study, the researcher should keep in mind two types of data vise, primary and secondary.

1.     Secondary Data: - The secondary data are those which have already been collected by someone else & which have already been passed through the statistical process.
COLLECTION OF SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data means data that are already available i.e. they refer to the data which have already been collected & analyzed by someone else. Secondary data may ether be published data or unpublished data.
PUBLISHED DATA ARE AVAILABLE IN
·        Various publications of central, state & local government.
·        Publications of foreign government & other organizations.
·        Technical & Trade Journals.
·        Reports & Publications. Books, magazines & newspapers.
·        Reports request by the research scholar universities economic etc. in different field.
·        Public records and static historical document and other sources of published information.
Secondary Data possess following characteristics-

1.     Reliability of data:

    The reliability can be tasted by finding out such things about the said data:
a.     Who collected the data?
b.     What were the sources of data?
c.      Where they collected by using proper method?
d.     At what time were they collected?
e.      Was there any bias of the compiler?
f.       What level of accuracy was desired? Was it achieved?

2.    Suitability of data:
In this context, the researcher must very carefully scrutinize the definition of various terms and units of collection used at the time of collecting data from the primary source originally. Similarly, the object, scope and nature of the original inquiry must also be studied. If the researcher finds differences in these, the data will remain unsuitable for the present enquiry and should not be used.

3.     Adequacy of data:

If the level of accuracy achieved in data is found inadequate for the purpose of the present enquiry, they will be considered as inadequate and should not be used by the researcher. The data will also be considered inadequate, if they are related to an area, which may be either narrower or wider than the area of the present enquiry.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

·        Firstly, it gives us the conceptual knowledge in actual environment and prepares the person to use the knowledge for better way in future endeavors.
·        Secondly, this study exposes the researcher about intricacies the consumers, thus bringing them face to face real life problem of handling a consumer.
·        Thirdly, the study places a researcher in a better position to fully comprehend the various department techniques, strategic and policies followed by the company.
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH:-
·        To find the present situation of UID enables micropayments in India.
·        To study the trends prevailing in UID enrolment in India.
·        To find out implication of UID enables micropayments in India on individuals.
·        To study emerging issues of micropayment and its approach towards the development of curriculum needs of financial inclusion.
·        From Exclusion to Inclusion with Micropayments
ADVANTAGES OF RESEARCH
·        Helps focus attention on objectives
·        Aids forecasting, planning and strategic development
·        May help to reduce risk of new product development
·        Communicates image, vision, etc.
·        Globalisation makes market information valuable (HSBC adverts!!)
DISADVANTAGES OF RESEARCH
·        Information only as good as the methodology used
·        Can be inaccurate or unreliable
·        Results may not be what the business wants to hear!
·        May stifle initiative and ‘gut feeling’
·        Always a problem that we may never know enough to be sure!








CHAPTER-4

DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION











SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTH:-
The unique identification numbers will take into account the database of the poor and the marginalized people, mostly living in the rural areas. The numbers will, for the first time, provide an identity to those who need it the most.

WEAKNESS:-
The Nandan Nilekani led Aadhar project and UIDAI is unconstitutional as it is neither supported by any law nor it has any safeguards for protecting civil liberties of Indians. Initially, UIDAI said that UID number would be optional but now government is making it mandatory both directly and indirectly. Further, by suppressing the public inputs, objections and suggestions, Indian government is just proving the points that Aadhar and UIDAI are most offensive tools of civil liberty violations in India.
OPPURTUNITIES:-
The Aadhar project, running into thousands of crores, offers many opportunities for IT companies, both in terms of hardware as well as software that will run the system on a perpetual basis. The equipment at each enrolment centers costs about Rs. 3 lakh, according to senior sources in the authority. Multiply this by about 350-400 and you get a sense of what it costs for a single district. In effect, enrolment in a single district will cost between Rs. 10 crore and Rs. 12 crore. This does not include the cost borne by the State machinery in actually getting people to enroll, the logistics or the administrative expenses.

Information available from the UIDAI shows that many of the top Indian IT firms have logged on to the Aadhar project in one way or the other. Satyam Computer Services Ltd., the once venerable IT Company that now functions from the Mahindra stable, is supplying “biometric solutions” for the authority. The biometric readers are themselves supplied by L1 Identity Solutions, an American company, which has been supplying similar equipment to the U.S. Department for Homeland Security. Accenture, the global outsourcing solutions major, has also won a contract to implement biometric solutions for the Authority.
Incidentally, advertising company, Percept, is among the entities that have won contracts from the UIDAI for developing “creative content”. Bharti Airtel is to supply space for the authority's data centre in Bangalore. Companies such as Tata Consultancy Services have won multiple contracts. The firm has won a contract to provide “biometric solutions” as well as for “redesigning, development, maintenance and support of the UIDAI's Web portal”. In February 2010, Ernst and Young Consultancy Services won the contract to assist the UIDAI in setting up its Central ID Data Repository and as a provider of managed services.
THREATS:-

1.Every personal detail of individual will be available at a single point. Bad people of society will find it lot easier to steal any personal information of any individual which may use for any wrong purpose.

2. India has been facing various hacking problems from inside and abroad. Many times our government sites were also being hacked by hackers and Indian government has accepted some times that some of secret information has been stolen by hackers. This is very clear that our cyber security is not safe.

3. We are having a lot of corrupted people in India especially in government department. Everyone know that for money, maximum of government official leak any kind of information. Then what will be surety of our privacy.

4. It is proposed that UIN will be used as PAN for income tax purpose. If this happen than PAN will be available easily to any body and one may use other UIN or say PAN for any transaction. Today at least one can't find easily others PAN no.

5. It is also proposed that UIN to be used as mobile no. of individual. It means if one find your UIN any how he may create trouble for you. However I don't personally think that private mobile companies will let it happen.

6. Village people will be offered Rs.100 for getting their Unique Identity Number. Every one know very well how project "Narega" got corruption and to what level. Most of the village people have thinking of just earning money; they really don't care for country. The greediness Rs.100 may bring such people in India which have no existence. Further this may also create slightly problem to our family planning program.













CHAPTER-5

RECOMMENDATIONS, CONCLUSION & BIBILOGRAPHY











RECOMMENDATIONS

 This report makes the following recommendations for steps to be taken towards achieving an inclusive, high volume, low-cost micropayments solution:
1. The UID-enabled micropayments plan calls for funding the initial fixed costs of infrastructure to help jumpstart financial inclusion with budgetary help from the relevant government ministries. The initial infrastructure costs may include:
(a) Funding for central payment switches and gateways
(b) Initial costs of micro ATMs in rural areas
(c) Funding the creation of a depository for no-frills accounts, if necessary
2. Funding of start-up costs for the UID and UID-enabled bank account by government or other agencies. This may include a small cash incentive for opening the account and an additional amount for the state as a Registrar to cover the costs of enrolment hardware and labour.
3. The RBI already offers a Rs.50 incentive for no-frills accounts operated with biometric smartcards. This incentive may be extended to the UID-enabled bank account, which would also be a biometric-enabled no-frills bank account.
4. Define the means to host no-frills accounts in conjunction with a consortium of banks, if necessary.
5. Define device standards and communication standards for transactions within the micro ATM network in consultation with IBA, NPCI and the larger ecosystem.
6. Amend rules so that the UID is sufficient to get a no-frills UID-enabled bank account. This activity may be co-ordinated for pro-poor products across all regulators viz. RBI, PFRDA, IRDA, SEBI etc.



CONCLUSION

A UID-enabled micropayments solution can help bridge the existing divide across India in financial services. Today, thanks to the increased focus on financial inclusion in public policy, financial services in most parts of the country have become convenient, accessible and well-networked, particularly for urban, non-poor residents. However, the poor today still face high costs in opening and accessing a bank account, in making transactions and in receiving payments. The result for them is lost income and opportunity — a day’s trip to reach a bank, for example, is a day’s wages lost and expenses on travel that they can ill-afford. UID-enabled micropayments can fill a large gap within existing systems of financial access for the poor. The coordination and support this approach will require from our central institutions, the UIDAI and the central and state governments is significant. However, if successfully done, the result will be a well functioning, truly accessible micropayments system. Access to finance for all — that cherished long-held objective and a turning point for India as it makes developmental strides—is well within reach.


BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Financial inclusion by extension of banking services—Use of Business Correspondents (BCs).RBI, January 2011. URL-http://.rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Notification/ PDFs/68417.pdf.

[2] Guidelines on managing risks and code of conduct in outsourcing of financial services by banks.RBI, November 2011. URL-http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rocs/ notification/PDFs/73713.pdf

[3] Mobile payments in India: Operative guidelines for banks. RBI, June 2008. URL-  http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/PressRelease/PDFs/84979.pdf.

[4] Financial inclusion by extension of banking services—Use of Business Correspondents (BCs).RBI, November 2009. URL- http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Notification/PDFs/IBC301109FV.pdf

[5]  Exclusion to Inclusion with Micropayments
http://www.uidai.gov.in/UID_PDF/Front_Page_Articles/Strategy/Exclusion
_to_Inclusion_with_Micropayments.pdf

 [6] Daryl Collins, Jonathan Murdoch, Stuart Rutherford, and Orlanda Ruthven.
Princeton University Press, 2009.Portfolios of thePoor: How theWorld’s Poor Live on $2 a Day.